What factors influence transformer oil price per liter?

Transformer oil price is influenced by crude oil prices, base oil type (naphthenic, paraffinic, ester), additive content, compliance with IEC or ASTM standards, brand reputation, packaging volume, and logistics. Local taxes, import duties, and supply-demand balance also affect pricing. Ester and silicone oils are usually more expensive than mineral oils due to raw material and processing costs.